Review+Topics+Guide

__Biology II__
 * Review Outline**


 * Nucleic acids**
 * Describe and draw a simple labelled diagram of a DNA nucleotide.
 * Draw and label a simple labelled diagram of a short section of a DNA molecule.
 * List the three types of RNA [mRNA, tRNA and rRNA]
 * Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA, including number of //polynucleotide// chains, sugar type and bases used and overall size.
 * Compare the structure and function of the three types of RNA.
 * Draw and/or interpret simple labelled diagrams of DNA and RNA molecules.


 * DNA replication**
 * Describe how DNA replication takes place, including the role of DNA helicase, DNA polymerase and free DNA nucleotides and complementary base pairing.
 * Make and/or interpret simple labelled diagrams to explain DNA replication
 * Define what is meant by //semi-conservative replication//
 * State that the outcome of DNA replication is two identical daughter DNA molecules
 * Explain the importance of proof reading in DNA replication as a means to preserve the genetic information in the DNA molecule.


 * Protein synthesis**
 * Define the terms //codon, triplet, start codon, stop codon, transcription, translation and polypeptide.//
 * State the use of the enzyme RNA polymerase in transcription
 * State the locations, within the cell, of the processes of transcription and translation
 * Describe how the information in the template DNA strand codes for a specific polypeptide
 * Use a translation table to show how information on mRNA can select a specific order of amino acids to make a polypeptide molecule.


 * Gene mutations**
 * Define, and give examples of, the term //gene [point] mutation//. This should include //deletion, addition and substitution//.
 * Predict the effects of gene mutation on protein synthesis.
 * *Outline the cause and effect[s] of the gene mutation that causes sickle cell anaemia in humans.
 * Outline the cause, effect and treatment of one other genetic disease.


 * Human genome project**
 * State two goals of the human genome project.
 * Summarise two important findings of the HGP
 * Outline two possible uses of the knowledge gained from the HGP
 * Outline two reasons why there is some ethical concern over the use of this knowledge.
 * Describe technologies used in biotechnology, such as: DNA profiling and electrophoresis, the use of restriction enzymes, and the process of genetic modification


 * Meiosis**
 * Outline the role of //meiosis// in the production of //haploid [n] gametes// from //diploid [2//n] parent cells.
 * State the number of //daughter cells// made as a result of meiosis
 * Compare the total chromosome number in the parent and in the daughter cells
 * Draw and label and/or interpret simple diagrams of the stages of meiosis.
 * Explain the need for haploid gametes in sexual reproduction
 * Compare the processes of meiosis and mitosis. This should include the number of daughter cells, number of nuclear divisions, final chromosome number in daughter cells and genetic make-up of daughter cells
 * Define //non-disjunction// during meiosis
 * Explain how non disjunction can lead to an individual with Down syndrome.
 * Define //chromosome mutation//.
 * Outline the criteria used to sort chromosomes to make a human karyotype diagram
 * State the information that can be gained from a //karyotype// diagram
 * List two practical uses of the information in a karyotpe.
 * Construct and/or interpret a simple human karyotype


 * Mendelian genetics [monohybrid only]**
 * Define the following terms: //allele, gene, dominant allele, recessive allele, genotype, phenotype, P1 generation, F1 generation, F2 generation, homozygous and heterozygous, pure breeding, multiple alleles, codominant alleles, test cross, sex linkage.//
 * Select and/or recognise suitable allele symbols for a monohybrid cross, based on the characteristics of the alleles.
 * Construct and analyse Punnet squares to illustrate probable outcomes of monohybrid crosses. These include simple dominant/recessive alleles, multiple alleles [blood groups], codominance and sex linked alleles.
 * Calculate genotype and phenotype ratios from such monohybrid crosses.
 * Explain the use of a test cross to find the genotype of an individual with a dominant phentotype
 * Construct and/or use simple pedigree diagrams illustrating human inheritance for a single trail.
 * Deduce the nature of the alleles and/or predict the possible genotype[s] of individuals within a pedigree diagram

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 * Evolution**
 * Define the terms: //evolution,// //genetic variation, population, natural selection, survival of the fittest//
 * Outline how natural selection of the peppered moth caused the relative numbers of each colour morph [white or speckled] to change over time.
 * Explain what ‘survival of the fittest’ means using a specific example
 * Give an example of how a specific selection pressure may change over time and predict the consequences for the population.
 * Outline evidence for evolution; including fossil evidence, and evidence from living organisms, such as: biochemical evidence and homologous structures
 * List the characteristics of primates.
 * Outline variation amongst the hominids.
 * Distinguish between hominids and other primates.
 * Use data to interpret geological time scale.
 * Use dating methods to interpret geological timescale.